Third stage of labor: evidence-based practice for prevention of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.

The third stage of labor is defined as the time period between delivery of the fetus through delivery of the placenta. During a normal third stage, uterine contractions lead to separation and expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Postpartum hemorrhage is a relatively common complication of the third stage of labor. Strategies have been studied to mitigate the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, leading to the widespread implementation of active management of the third stage of labor. Initially, active management of the third stage of labor consisted of a bundle of interventions including administration of a uterotonic agent, early cord clamping, controlled cord traction, and external uterine massage. However, the effectiveness of these interventions as a bundle has been questioned, leading to abandonment of some components in recent years. Despite this, upon review of selected international guidelines, we found that the term "active management of the third stage of labor" was still used, but recommendations for and against individual interventions were variable and not necessarily supported by current evidence. In this review, we: (1) examine the physiology of the third stage of labor, (2) present evidence related to interventions that prevent postpartum hemorrhage and promote maternal and neonatal health, (3) review current global guidelines and recommendations for practice, and (4) propose future areas of investigation. The interventions in this review include pharmacologic agents to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, cord clamping, cord milking, cord traction, cord drainage, early skin-to-skin contact, and nipple stimulation. Treatment of complications of the third stage of labor is outside of the scope of this review. We conclude that current evidence supports the use of effective pharmacologic postpartum hemorrhage prophylaxis, delayed cord clamping, early skin-to-skin contact, and controlled cord traction at delivery when feasible. The most effective uterotonic regimens for preventing postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery include oxytocin plus ergometrine; oxytocin plus misoprostol; or carbetocin. After cesarean delivery, carbetocin or oxytocin as a bolus are the most effective regimens. There is inconsistent evidence regarding the use of tranexamic acid in addition to a uterotonic compared with a uterotonic alone for postpartum hemorrhage prevention after all deliveries. Because of differences in patient comorbidities, costs, and availability of resources and staff, decisions to use specific prevention strategies are dependent on patient- and system-level factors. We recommend that the term "active management of the third stage of labor" as a combined intervention no longer be used. Instead, we recommend that "third stage care" be adopted, which promotes the implementation of evidence-based interventions that incorporate practices that are safe and beneficial for both the woman and neonate.

Adherence to recommendations for preventing early neonatal sepsis associated with Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in a referral center in Bogotá, Colombia, 2019 / Adherencia a las recomendaciones de prevención de la sepsis neonatal temprana asociada a la colonización por Streptococcus agalactiae en una institución de referencia en Bogotá, Colombia, 2019.

Objectives: To assess adherence to screening recommendations for the prevention of neonatal sepsis, and describe the prevalence of colonization by Group B streptococcus (GBS) as well as the perinatal outcomes associated with colonization by this bacterium. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study that included pregnant women at term and their newborns, seen at a private high-complexity clinic in Bogota, between July 1 and December 31, 2019. Adherence to screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnant women colonized with group B streptococcus, as well as the prevalence of colonization and early adverse perinatal outcomes were assessed. Results: Overall, 1928 women were included. Adherence to screening was 68.0 % (95 % CI: 66-70.1) and 87.9 % to intrapartum antibiotic administration (95 % CI: 87.8-88); non-indicated use of antibiotics occurred in 14.7 % of the women, for 86.3 % final adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis. The prevalence of GBS colonization was 12.5 % (95 % CI: 10.7-14.3); the incidence of neonatal hospitalization was 27.5 % (95 % CI: 16.3-33.7). There were no cases of mortality or early neonatal sepsis attributable to screening status, colonization or prophylactic antibiotics for GBS. Conclusions: Additional studies in other centers are required in order to determine adherence to this guideline, particularly in those that receive users affiliated to the subsidized regime which covers the most vulnerable population. Also, new population studies of GBS prevalence and cost-effectiveness of universal screening compared to risk factor-based antibiotic prophylaxis are needed.

Objetivos: evaluar la adherencia a las recomendaciones de tamización para la prevención de la sepsis neonatal, describir la prevalencia de colonización por estreptococo del grupo B y los desenlaces perinatales asociados a la colonización por esta bacteria. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó gestantes a término y sus recién nacidos, en una clínica universitaria privada de alta complejidad en Bogotá, entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se evaluó la adherencia a la tamización y a la profilaxis antibiótica intraparto para las gestantes colonizadas con EGB, la prevalencia de colonización y los desenlaces perinatales adversos tempranos. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.928 mujeres. La adherencia a la tamización fue de 68,0 % (IC 95%: 66-70,1), a la administración de antibióticos intraparto de 87,9 % (IC 95 %: 87,8 -88), pero hubo uso no indicado de antibióticos en 14,7 % de mujeres para una adherencia final a profilaxis antibiótica de 86,3 %. La prevalencia de colonización por EGB fue 12,5 % (IC 95 %: 10,7-14,3), la incidencia de hospitalización neonatal fue de 27,5 % (IC 95 %: 16,3-33,7); no hubo casos de mortalidad ni sepsis neonatal temprana atribuibles al estado de tamización, colonización o profilaxis antibiótica para EGB. Conclusiones: se requieren nuevos estudios en otras instituciones para determinar la adherencia a esta guía, en especial en aquellas regiones que atienden usuarias adscritas al régimen subsidiado, con cobertura a la población más vulnerable, así como nuevos estudios poblacionales de prevalencia de EGB y costo-efectividad de la estrategia de tamización universal en comparación con la profilaxis antibiótica basada en factores de riesgo.

Adherencia a las recomendaciones de prevención de la sepsis neonatal temprana asociada a la colonización por Streptococcus agalactiae en una institución de referencia en Bogotá, Colombia, 2019 / Adherence to recommendations for preventing early neonatal sepsis associated with Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in a referral center in Bogotá, Colombia, 2019

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la adherencia a las recomendaciones de tamización para la prevención de la sepsis neonatal, describir la prevalencia de colonización por estreptococo del grupo B y los desenlaces perinatales asociados a la colonización por esta bacteria. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó gestantes a término y sus recién nacidos, en una clínica universitaria privada de alta complejidad en Bogotá, entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se evaluó la adherencia a la tamización y a la profilaxis antibiótica intraparto para las gestantes colonizadas con EGB, la prevalencia de colonización y los desenlaces perinatales adversos tempranos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.928 mujeres. La adherencia a la tamización fue de 68,0 % (IC 95 %: 66-70,1), a la administración de antibióticos intraparto de 87,9 % (IC 95 %: 87,8 -88), pero hubo uso no indicado de antibióticos en 14,7 % de mujeres para una adherencia final a profilaxis antibiótica de 86,3 %. La prevalencia de colonización por EGB fue 12,5 % (IC 95 %: 10,7-14,3), la incidencia de hospitalización neonatal fue de 27,5 % (IC 95 %: 16,3-33,7); no hubo casos de mortalidad ni sepsis neonatal temprana atribuibles al estado de tamización, colonización o profilaxis antibiótica para EGB. Conclusiones: Se requieren nuevos estudios en otras instituciones para determinar la adherencia a esta guía, en especial en aquellas regiones que atienden usuarias adscritas al régimen subsidiado, con cobertura a la población más vulnerable, así como nuevos estudios poblacionales de prevalencia de EGB y costo-efectividad de la estrategia de tamización universal en comparación con la profilaxis antibiótica basada en factores de riesgo.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess adherence to screening recommendations for the prevention of neonatal sepsis, and describe the prevalence of colonization by Group B streptococcus (GBS) as well as the perinatal outcomes associated with colonization by this bacterium. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study that included pregnant women at term and their newborns, seen at a private high-complexity clinic in Bogota, between July 1 and December 31, 2019. Adherence to screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnant women colonized with group B streptococcus, as well as the prevalence of colonization and early adverse perinatal outcomes were assessed. Results: Overall, 1928 women were included. Adherence to screening was 68.0 % (95 % CI: 66-70.1) and 87.9 % to intrapartum antibiotic administration (95 % CI: 87.8-88); non-indicated use of antibiotics occurred in 14.7 % of the women, for 86.3 % final adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis. The prevalence of GBS colonization was 12.5 % (95 % CI: 10.7-14.3); the incidence of neonatal hospitalization was 27.5 % (95 % CI: 16.3-33.7). There were no cases of mortality or early neonatal sepsis attributable to screening status, colonization or prophylactic antibiotics for GBS. Conclusions: Additional studies in other centers are required in order to determine adherence to this guideline, particularly in those that receive users affiliated to the subsidized regime which covers the most vulnerable population. Also, new population studies of GBS prevalence and cost-effectiveness of universal screening compared to risk factor-based antibiotic prophylaxis are needed.

Factores de riesgo para falla de la técnica en diálisis peritoneal: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo

Contexto la falla de la técnica en diálisis peritoneal puede ocurrir de manera no planificada, afectando los costos en salud y la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivo estimar la incidencia de falla de la técnica y mortalidad y determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con el tiempo a la falla de la técnica, por causas médicas en el primer año de la terapia de reemplazo renal. Metodología estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó 2192 pacientes incidentes en diálisis peritoneal, utilizando los registros de centros de terapia renal Baxter en Colombia, durante el periodo entre enero del 2016 y diciembre del 2017. Asimismo, se estimó la tasa de incidencia y la tasa de mortalidad y se usó el análisis de regresión de Cox multivariado para determinar los factores de riesgo para falla de la técnica. Resultados se estimó una tasa de incidencia de falla de la técnica de 8,8/100 personas/año. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 7,9/100 personas/año. El modelo de regresión de Cox multivariado mostró que los factores de riesgo fueron hipertensión arterial (HR: 1,59; IC 95 % 1,01-2,48) y género masculino (HR:1,62; IC 95 % 1,03-2,56) y los factores protectores fueron el Kt/V > 1,7 (HR: 0,41; IC 95 % 0,25-0,65) e incrementar 1 gr/dl la albúmina (HR: 0,61; IC 95 % 0,43-0,87). Conclusiones la tasa de incidencia de falla de la técnica en el primer año de diálisis peritoneal en Colombia fue baja y la disfunción mecánica fue la principal causa. Los factores de riesgo asociados con el tiempo a la falla de la técnica fueron hipertensión arterial y género masculino.

Background The technique failure in peritoneal dialysis can occur in an unplanned way, affecting health costs and the patient's quality of life. Purpose The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence of technique failure and mortality; and to determine the risk factors associated with time to failure of technique due to medical causes in the first year of renal replacement therapy. Methodology Retrospective cohort study that included 2192 incident patients on peritoneal dialysis using the records of Baxter renal therapy centers in Colombia, during the period January 2016 and December 2017. The incidence rate and mortality rate were estimated. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for technique failure. Results An incidence rate of failure of the technique of 8.8/100 person-years was estimated. The mortality rate was 7.9/100 person-years. The multivariate Cox regression model showed as risk factors arterial hypertension (HR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.01-2.48) and male sex (HR: 1.62; 95% CI 1.03-2.56); and the protective factors were Kt / V> 1.7 (HR: 0.41; CI95% 0.25-0.65) and increase 1 gr / dl of albumin (HR: 0.61; CI95% 0.43-0.87). Conclusions The incidence rate of technique failure in the first year of peritoneal dialysis in Colombia was low and mechanical dysfunction was the main cause. The risk factors associated with time to failure of the technique were arterial hypertension and male gender.

Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus infection and abnormal cytology of the anal transformation zone in women with cervical dysplasia. Bogotá, Colombia, 2017-2019 / Prevalencia de infección por virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo y citología anormal en la zona de transformación anal en mujeres con displasia cervical. bogotá, colombia, 2017-2019

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de infección anal por virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH- AR) y citología anal anormal en mujeres con displasia cervical confirmada. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó pacientes entre 30 y 65 años con diagnóstico nuevo de displasia cervical por histopatología, en dos unidades de colposcopia y patología del tracto genital inferior (una de carácter público y otra privada) entre diciembre de 2017 y abril de 2019. Se excluyeron mujeres con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), inmuno compromiso (uso de esteroides, trasplante, quimioterapia), en embarazo o con malformaciones anorrectales. Muestreo consecutivo. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, tipo de relaciones sexuales, el grado de displasia cervical, resultado positivo de prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para VPH de alto riesgo en canal anal y tipo de VPH-AR identificado (16-18 u otro). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 188 candidatas a ingresar se incluyeron 100 pacientes en el análisis, se encontró unaprevalencia de 32 % de infección por VPH de alto riesgo y de 2,8 % de citología anal anormal (ASCUS) en el canal anal. El 68,8 % de las infecciones por VPH-AR en el canal anal correspondió a genotipos de VPH-AR diferentes a 16 o 18. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de infección anal por VPH-AR en mujeres con displasia cervical fue del 32 %. Es importante determinar la utilidad del tamizaje del compromiso de la mucosa anal por virus VPH de alto riesgo de cáncer en mujeres con displasia cervical. Se requieren estudios sobre el pronóstico de la infección anal por VPH-AR en las mujeres con displasia cervical.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of anal infection caused by high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) and of abnormal anal cytology in women with confirmed cervical dysplasia. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study that included patients between 30 and 65 years of age with a new diagnosis of cervical dysplasia by histopathology attended in two lower genital tract colposcopy and pathology units (one public and one private institution), conducted between December 2017 and April 2019. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immune compromise (use of steroids, transplant, chemo therapy), pregnancy or anorectal malformations were excluded. Consecutive sampling. Socio demographic variables, intercourse type, degree of cervical dysplasia, positive results of HR HPV Polymerase Chain Reaction test in anal canal and HR - HPV type indentified (16-18 or others) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Of 188 candidates, 100 were included in the analysis. A 32 % prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and a 2.8 % prevalence of abnormal cytology in the anal canal (ASCUS) were found. Of the HR-HPV infections in the anal canal, 68.8 % corresponded to HR-HPV genotypes different from 16 or 18. Conclusions: Prevalence of HR HPV infection in women with lower genital tract dysplasia was 32%. It is important to determine the usefulness of screening for anal mucosa compromise by HPV virus associated with a high risk of cancer in women with cervical dysplasia. Studies are needed on the prognosis of anal HR-HPV infection in women with cervical dysplasia.

RISK OF NEONATAL HOSPITALIZATION ASSOCIATED TO DELIVERY BY CESAREAN SECTION IN A HIGH COMPLEXITY CLINIC IN BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA, 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between cesarean delivery and hospitalization of the newborn and describe the indications for cesarean according to Robson's groups in the obstetrics service of a highly complex general institution. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. All births occurred between March and July 2018 in a high complexity general teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia were included, by consecutive sampling up to a sample size of 1040 pregnant women. The frequency of caesarean section, indications, neonatal outcomes for each Robson group, and the risk of neonatal hospitalization are described using the crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 1,493 births were included, of which 539 (36.3 %) were by cesarean section. Women with a history of uterine scar scheduled for elective caesarean section and those hospitalized for induction provide the majority of caesarean sections. The main indications for cesarean section were suspicion of unsatisfactory fetal status and prolongued labor. Adjusted for birth weight, caesarean section increased the overall risk of neonatal hospitalization (adjusted OR [aOR] = 2,2; IC 99 %: 1,3-3,7). CONCLUSIONS: There are groups of Robson susceptible of intervention to decrease the rate of caesarean sections due to the suspicion of unsatisfactory fetal status and prolongation of labor. An association was found between cesarean delivery and subsequent neonatal hospitalization. Randomized controlled studies are required to determine the benefit of the strategies to reduce cesarean section rates and evaluate the association found.

TITULO: RIESGO DE HOSPITALIZACIÓN DEL NEONATO ASOCIADO A LA CESÁREA EN UNA INSTITUCIÓN DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD EN BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA, 2018. OBJETIVO: evaluar la asociación entre parto por cesárea y hospitalización del neonato, y describir las indicaciones de cesárea según los grupos de Robson en el servicio de obstetricia de una institución general de alta complejidad. METODOS: estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron todos los nacimientos ocurridos entre marzo y julio de 2018 en un hospital general de enseñanza de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia, mediante muestreo consecutivo. Tamaño muestral de 1040 gestantes. Se describe la frecuencia de cesárea, las indicaciones, los resultados neonatales por cada grupo de Robson y el riesgo de hospitalización neonatal por medio del odds ratio (OR) crudo y crudo y ajustado por análisis multivariado. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 1493 nacimientos, de los cuales 539 (36,3 %) fueron por cesárea. Las mujeres con antecedente de cicatriz uterina, progra madas para cesárea electiva y las hospitalizadas para inducción aportan la mayoría de cesáreas. Las principales indicaciones para esta intervención fueron sospecha de estado fetal insatisfactorio y alteraciones del trabajo de parto. Ajustado por peso al nacer, la cesárea incrementó el riesgo global de hospitalización del neonato (OR ajustado [ORa] = 2,2; IC 99 %: 1,3-3,7). CONCLUSIONES: en la institución se identificaron grupos de Robson susceptibles de intervención para disminuir la tasa de cesáreas ante la sospecha de estado fetal insatisfactorio y prolongación del trabajo de parto. Se encontró una asociación entre el parto por cesárea y la posterior hospitalización del recién nacido. Se requieren estudios controlados aleatorizados que determinen el beneficio de las estrategias para reducir la tasa de cesárea y validar la asociación encontrada.

Risk of neonatal hospitalization associated to delivery by cesarean section in a high complexity clinic in Bogotá, Colombia, 2018 / Riesgo de hospitalización del neonato asociado a la cesárea en una institución de alta complejidad en bogotá, colombia, 2018

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre parto por cesárea y hospitalización del neonato, y describir las indicaciones de cesárea según los grupos de Robson en el servicio de obstetricia de una institución general de alta complejidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron todos los nacimientos ocurridos entre marzo y julio de 2018 en un hospital general de enseñanza de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia, mediante muestreo consecutivo. Tamaño muestral de 1040 gestantes. Se describe la frecuencia de cesárea, las indicaciones, los resultados neonatales por cada grupo de Robson y el riesgo de hospitalización neonatal por medio del odds ratio (OR) crudo y crudo y ajustado por análisis multivariado. Resultados: se incluyeron 1493 nacimientos, de los cuales 539 (36,3 %) fueron por cesárea. Las mujeres con antecedente de cicatriz uterina, programadas para cesárea electiva y las hospitalizadas para inducción aportan la mayoría de cesáreas. Las principales indicaciones para esta intervención fueron sospecha de estado fetal insatisfactorio y alteraciones del trabajo de parto. Ajustado por peso al nacer, la cesárea incrementó el riesgo global de hospitalización del neonato (OR ajustado [ORa] = 2,2; IC 99 %: 1,3-3,7). Conclusiones: en la institución se identificaron grupos de Robson susceptibles de intervención para disminuir la tasa de cesáreas ante la sospecha de estado fetal insatisfactorio y prolongación del trabajo de parto. Se encontró una asociación entre el parto por cesárea y la posterior hospitalización del recién nacido. Se requieren estudios controlados aleatorizados que determinen el beneficio de las estrategias para reducir la tasa de cesárea y validar la asociación encontrada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between cesarean delivery and hospitalization of the newborn and describe the indications for cesarean according to Robson's groups in the obstetrics service of a highly complex general institution. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. All births occurred between March and July 2018 in a high complexity general teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia were included, by consecutive sampling up to a sample size of 1040 pregnant women. The frequency of caesarean section, indications, neonatal outcomes for each Robson group, and the risk of neonatal hospitalization are described using the crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) using multivariate analysis. Results: 1,493 births were included, of which 539 (36.3 %) were by cesarean section. Women with a history of uterine scar scheduled for elective caesarean section and those hospitalized for induction provide the majority of caesarean sections. The main indications for cesarean section were suspicion of unsatisfactory fetal status and prolongued labor. Adjusted for birth weight, caesarean section increased the overall risk of neonatal hospitalization (adjusted OR [aOR] = 2,2; IC 99 %: 1,3-3,7). Conclusions: There are groups of Robson susceptible of intervention to decrease the rate of caesarean sections due to the suspicion of unsatisfactory fetal status and prolongation of labor. An association was found between cesarean delivery and subsequent neonatal hospitalization. Randomized controlled studies are required to determine the benefit of the strategies to reduce cesarean section rates and evaluate the association found.

Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus infection and abnormal cytology of the anal transformation zone in women with cervical dysplasia. Bogotá, Colombia, 2017-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of anal infection caused by high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) and of abnormal anal cytology in women with confirmed cervical dysplasia. METHODS: Cross sectional study that included patients between 30 and 65 years of age with a new diagnosis of cervical dysplasia by histopathology attended in two lower genital tract colposcopy and pathology units (one public and one private institution), conducted between December 2017 and April 2019. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immune compromise (use of steroids, transplant, chemo therapy), pregnancy or anorectal malformations were excluded. Consecutive sampling. Socio demographic variables, intercourse type, degree of cervical dysplasia, positive results of HR HPV Polymerase Chain Reaction test in anal canal and HR - HPV type indentified (16-18 or others) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Of 188 candidates, 100 were included in the analysis. A 32 % prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and a 2.8 % prevalence of abnormal cytology in the anal canal (ASCUS) were found. Of the HR-HPV infections in the anal canal, 68.8 % corresponded to HR-HPV genotypes different from 16 or 18. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of HR HPV infection in women with lower genital tract dysplasia was 32%. It is important to determine the usefulness of screening for anal mucosa compromise by HPV virus associated with a high risk of cancer in women with cervical dysplasia. Studies are needed on the prognosis of anal HR-HPV infection in women with cervical dysplasia.

TITULO: PREVALENCIA DE INFECCIÓN POR VIRUS DEL PAPILOMA HUMANO DE ALTO RIESGO Y CITOLOGÍA ANORMAL EN LA ZONA DE TRANSFORMACIÓN ANAL EN MUJERES CON DISPLASIA CERVICAL. BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA, 2017-2019. OBJETIVO: Establecer la prevalencia de infección anal por virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH- AR) y citología anal anormal en mujeres con displasia cervical confirmada. METODOS: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó pacientes entre 30 y 65 años con diagnóstico nuevo de displasia cervical por histopatología, en dos unidades de colposcopia y patología del tracto genital inferior (una de carácter público y otra privada) entre diciembre de 2017 y abril de 2019. Se excluyeron mujeres con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), inmuno compromiso (uso de esteroides, trasplante, quimioterapia), en embarazo o con malformaciones anorrectales. Muestreo consecutivo. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, tipo de relaciones sexuales, el grado de displasia cervical, resultado positivo de prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para VPH de alto riesgo en canal anal y tipo de VPH-AR identificado (16-18 u otro). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: De 188 candidatas a ingresar se incluyeron 100 pacientes en el análisis, se encontró unaprevalencia de 32 % de infección por VPH de alto riesgo y de 2,8 % de citología anal anormal (ASCUS) en el canal anal. El 68,8 % de las infecciones por VPH-AR en el canal anal correspondió a genotipos de VPH-AR diferentes a 16 o 18. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de infección anal por VPH-AR en mujeres con displasia cervical fue del 32 %. Es importante determinar la utilidad del tamizaje del compromiso de la mucosa anal por virus VPH de alto riesgo de cáncer en mujeres con displasia cervical. Se requieren estudios sobre el pronóstico de la infección anal por VPH-AR en las mujeres con displasia cervical.

Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non-pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: The genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. The infection is mainly asymptomatic in women, thus it can produce infertility and chronic pelvic pain. In men infection is mainly symptomatic, but can evolve to prostatitis. Clinical practice guidelines for CT urogenital infections do not give any specific recommendation about which antibiotic use as first option OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of antibiotic treatment for CT genital infection in men and non-pregnant women. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections' (STI) Information Specialist developed the electronic searches in electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS), and trials registers. We searched studies published from inception to June 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of men, and sexually-active, non-pregnant women with CT infection (urethritis or uterine cervicitis or asymptomatic), diagnosed by cell culture for CT, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) or antigen-based detection methods, who had been treated with any of the antibiotic regimens recommended by any of the updated to 2013 CT Guidelines. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Four review authors screened evidence according to selection criteria and independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Two authors developed the 'Summary of findings' tables. We used a fixed-effect meta-analysis model for combining data where it was reasonable to assume that studies were estimating the same underlying treatment effect. We estimated the pooled risk ratio in order to establish the effects of the comparisons. Our primary outcomes were microbiological failure and adverse events, and our secondary outcomes were clinical failure, antimicrobial resistance and reinfection. MAIN RESULTS: We selected 14 studies ( 2715 participants: 2147 (79.08%) men and 568 (20.92%) women). The studies were conducted mainly at STD clinics. Sample sizes ranged from 71 to 606 participants; follow-up was 29.7 days on average.For the comparison: azithromycin single dose versus doxycycline once or twice daily for 7 days, in men treated for CT, the risk of microbiological failure was higher in the azithromycin group (RR 2.45, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.41; participants = 821; studies = 9; moderate-quality evidence), but regarding clinical failure, the results showed that the effect is uncertain (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.43 to 2,05; I² = 55%; participants = 525; studies = 3; low-quality evidence). Regarding adverse events (AE) in men there could be little or no difference between the antibiotics (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.02; participants = 1424; studies = 6; low-quality evidence). About women treated for CT, the effect on microbiological failure was uncertain (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 0.48 to 6.16; participants = 338; studies = 5; very low-quality evidence). There were no studies assessing clinical failure or adverse events in women, however, we found that azithromycin probably has fewer adverse events in both genders (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.98; I² = 0%; participants = 2261; studies = 9; moderate-quality evidence).For the second comparison: doxycycline compared to ofloxacin, for men treated for CT the effect on microbiological failure was uncertain (RR 8.53, 95% CI 0.43 to 167.38, I² not applicable; participants = 80; studies = 2; very low-quality evidence), as also it was on clinical failure (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.28 to 2.62; participants = 36; studies = 1; very low-quality evidence). The effect of in women on clinical failure was uncertain (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.25; I² = 39%; participants = 127; studies = 2; very low-quality evidence).Regarding adverse events, the effect in both men and women was uncertain (RR 1.02 95% CI 0.66 to 1.55; participants = 339 studies = 3; very low-quality evidence). The effect on microbiological failure in women and in men and women together, the effect on microbiological failure was not estimable. The most frequently AE reported were not serious and of gastrointestinal origin.No studies assessed antimicrobial resistance or reinfection in either comparison. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In men, regimens with azithromycin are probably less effective than doxycycline for microbiological failure, however, there might be little or no difference for clinical failure. For women, we are uncertain whether azithromycin compared to doxycycline increases the risk of microbiological failure. Azithromycin probably slightly reduces adverse events compared to doxycycline in men and women together but may have little difference in men alone. We are uncertain whether doxycycline compared to ofloxacin reduces microbiological failure in men or women alone, or men and women together, nor if it reduces clinical failure or adverse events in men or women.Based on the fact that women suffer mainly asymptomatic infections, and in order to test the effectiveness and safety of the current recommendations (azithromycin, doxycycline and ofloxacin), for CT infection, especially in low and middle income countries, future RCTs should be designed and conducted to include a large enough sample size of women, and with low risk of bias. It is also important that future RCTs include adherence, CT resistance to antibiotic regimens, and risk of reinfection as outcomes to be measured. In addition, it is important to conduct a network meta-analysis in order to evaluate all those studies that included in one arm only the current antibiotic treatments for CT infection that are recommended by the updated clinical practice guidelines.